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diff --git a/lib/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py b/lib/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..920c8b3
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+++ b/lib/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1091 @@
+# sql/crud.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2022 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Functions used by compiler.py to determine the parameters rendered
+within INSERT and UPDATE statements.
+
+"""
+import functools
+import operator
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import dml
+from . import elements
+from . import roles
+from .selectable import Select
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+REQUIRED = util.symbol(
+    "REQUIRED",
+    """
+Placeholder for the value within a :class:`.BindParameter`
+which is required to be present when the statement is passed
+to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+This symbol is typically used when a :func:`_expression.insert`
+or :func:`_expression.update` statement is compiled without parameter
+values present.
+
+""",
+)
+
+
+def _get_crud_params(compiler, stmt, compile_state, **kw):
+    """create a set of tuples representing column/string pairs for use
+    in an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+    Also generates the Compiled object's postfetch, prefetch, and
+    returning column collections, used for default handling and ultimately
+    populating the CursorResult's prefetch_cols() and postfetch_cols()
+    collections.
+
+    """
+
+    compiler.postfetch = []
+    compiler.insert_prefetch = []
+    compiler.update_prefetch = []
+    compiler.returning = []
+
+    # getters - these are normally just column.key,
+    # but in the case of mysql multi-table update, the rules for
+    # .key must conditionally take tablename into account
+    (
+        _column_as_key,
+        _getattr_col_key,
+        _col_bind_name,
+    ) = getters = _key_getters_for_crud_column(compiler, stmt, compile_state)
+
+    compiler._key_getters_for_crud_column = getters
+
+    # no parameters in the statement, no parameters in the
+    # compiled params - return binds for all columns
+    if compiler.column_keys is None and compile_state._no_parameters:
+        return [
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_bind_param(compiler, c, None, required=True),
+            )
+            for c in stmt.table.columns
+        ]
+
+    if compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+        spd = compile_state._multi_parameters[0]
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = list(spd.items())
+    elif compile_state._ordered_values:
+        spd = compile_state._dict_parameters
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = compile_state._ordered_values
+    elif compile_state._dict_parameters:
+        spd = compile_state._dict_parameters
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = list(spd.items())
+    else:
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = spd = None
+
+    # if we have statement parameters - set defaults in the
+    # compiled params
+    if compiler.column_keys is None:
+        parameters = {}
+    elif stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        parameters = dict(
+            (_column_as_key(key), REQUIRED)
+            for key in compiler.column_keys
+            if key not in spd
+        )
+    else:
+        parameters = dict(
+            (_column_as_key(key), REQUIRED) for key in compiler.column_keys
+        )
+
+    # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+    values = []
+
+    if stmt_parameter_tuples is not None:
+        _get_stmt_parameter_tuples_params(
+            compiler,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            stmt_parameter_tuples,
+            _column_as_key,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    check_columns = {}
+
+    # special logic that only occurs for multi-table UPDATE
+    # statements
+    if compile_state.isupdate and compile_state.is_multitable:
+        _get_update_multitable_params(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            stmt_parameter_tuples,
+            check_columns,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    if compile_state.isinsert and stmt._select_names:
+        _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            check_columns,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+    else:
+        _scan_cols(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            check_columns,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    if parameters and stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        check = (
+            set(parameters)
+            .intersection(_column_as_key(k) for k, v in stmt_parameter_tuples)
+            .difference(check_columns)
+        )
+        if check:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unconsumed column names: %s"
+                % (", ".join("%s" % (c,) for c in check))
+            )
+
+    if compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+        values = _extend_values_for_multiparams(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            values,
+            _column_as_key,
+            kw,
+        )
+    elif (
+        not values
+        and compiler.for_executemany
+        and compiler.dialect.supports_default_metavalue
+    ):
+        # convert an "INSERT DEFAULT VALUES"
+        # into INSERT (firstcol) VALUES (DEFAULT) which can be turned
+        # into an in-place multi values.  This supports
+        # insert_executemany_returning mode :)
+        values = [
+            (
+                stmt.table.columns[0],
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(stmt.table.columns[0]),
+                "DEFAULT",
+            )
+        ]
+
+    return values
+
+
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler, col, value, process=True, required=False, name=None, **kw
+):
+    if name is None:
+        name = col.key
+    bindparam = elements.BindParameter(
+        name, value, type_=col.type, required=required
+    )
+    bindparam._is_crud = True
+    if process:
+        bindparam = bindparam._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+    return bindparam
+
+
+def _handle_values_anonymous_param(compiler, col, value, name, **kw):
+    # the insert() and update() constructs as of 1.4 will now produce anonymous
+    # bindparam() objects in the values() collections up front when given plain
+    # literal values.  This is so that cache key behaviors, which need to
+    # produce bound parameters in deterministic order without invoking any
+    # compilation here, can be applied to these constructs when they include
+    # values() (but not yet multi-values, which are not included in caching
+    # right now).
+    #
+    # in order to produce the desired "crud" style name for these parameters,
+    # which will also be targetable in engine/default.py through the usual
+    # conventions, apply our desired name to these unique parameters by
+    # populating the compiler truncated names cache with the desired name,
+    # rather than having
+    # compiler.visit_bindparam()->compiler._truncated_identifier make up a
+    # name.  Saves on call counts also.
+
+    # for INSERT/UPDATE that's a CTE, we don't need names to match to
+    # external parameters and these would also conflict in the case where
+    # multiple insert/update are combined together using CTEs
+    is_cte = "visiting_cte" in kw
+
+    if (
+        not is_cte
+        and value.unique
+        and isinstance(value.key, elements._truncated_label)
+    ):
+        compiler.truncated_names[("bindparam", value.key)] = name
+
+    if value.type._isnull:
+        # either unique parameter, or other bound parameters that were
+        # passed in directly
+        # set type to that of the column unconditionally
+        value = value._with_binary_element_type(col.type)
+
+    return value._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+
+
+def _key_getters_for_crud_column(compiler, stmt, compile_state):
+    if compile_state.isupdate and compile_state._extra_froms:
+        # when extra tables are present, refer to the columns
+        # in those extra tables as table-qualified, including in
+        # dictionaries and when rendering bind param names.
+        # the "main" table of the statement remains unqualified,
+        # allowing the most compatibility with a non-multi-table
+        # statement.
+        _et = set(compile_state._extra_froms)
+
+        c_key_role = functools.partial(
+            coercions.expect_as_key, roles.DMLColumnRole
+        )
+
+        def _column_as_key(key):
+            str_key = c_key_role(key)
+            if hasattr(key, "table") and key.table in _et:
+                return (key.table.name, str_key)
+            else:
+                return str_key
+
+        def _getattr_col_key(col):
+            if col.table in _et:
+                return (col.table.name, col.key)
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+        def _col_bind_name(col):
+            if col.table in _et:
+                return "%s_%s" % (col.table.name, col.key)
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+    else:
+        _column_as_key = functools.partial(
+            coercions.expect_as_key, roles.DMLColumnRole
+        )
+        _getattr_col_key = _col_bind_name = operator.attrgetter("key")
+
+    return _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name
+
+
+def _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+
+    (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+    ) = _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state)
+
+    cols = [stmt.table.c[_column_as_key(name)] for name in stmt._select_names]
+
+    assert compiler.stack[-1]["selectable"] is stmt
+
+    compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"] = stmt.select
+
+    add_select_cols = []
+    if stmt.include_insert_from_select_defaults:
+        col_set = set(cols)
+        for col in stmt.table.columns:
+            if col not in col_set and col.default:
+                cols.append(col)
+
+    for c in cols:
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            parameters.pop(col_key)
+            values.append((c, compiler.preparer.format_column(c), None))
+        else:
+            _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+                compiler, stmt, c, add_select_cols, kw
+            )
+
+    if add_select_cols:
+        values.extend(add_select_cols)
+        ins_from_select = compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"]
+        if not isinstance(ins_from_select, Select):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't extend statement for INSERT..FROM SELECT to include "
+                "additional default-holding column(s) "
+                "%s.  Convert the selectable to a subquery() first, or pass "
+                "include_defaults=False to Insert.from_select() to skip these "
+                "columns."
+                % (", ".join(repr(key) for _, key, _ in add_select_cols),)
+            )
+        ins_from_select = ins_from_select._generate()
+        # copy raw_columns
+        ins_from_select._raw_columns = list(ins_from_select._raw_columns) + [
+            expr for col, col_expr, expr in add_select_cols
+        ]
+        compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"] = ins_from_select
+
+
+def _scan_cols(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+    ) = _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state)
+
+    if compile_state._parameter_ordering:
+        parameter_ordering = [
+            _column_as_key(key) for key in compile_state._parameter_ordering
+        ]
+        ordered_keys = set(parameter_ordering)
+        cols = [
+            stmt.table.c[key]
+            for key in parameter_ordering
+            if isinstance(key, util.string_types) and key in stmt.table.c
+        ] + [c for c in stmt.table.c if c.key not in ordered_keys]
+
+    else:
+        cols = stmt.table.columns
+
+    for c in cols:
+        # scan through every column in the target table
+
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            # parameter is present for the column.  use that.
+
+            _append_param_parameter(
+                compiler,
+                stmt,
+                compile_state,
+                c,
+                col_key,
+                parameters,
+                _col_bind_name,
+                implicit_returning,
+                implicit_return_defaults,
+                values,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+        elif compile_state.isinsert:
+            # no parameter is present and it's an insert.
+
+            if c.primary_key and need_pks:
+                # it's a primary key column, it will need to be generated by a
+                # default generator of some kind, and the statement expects
+                # inserted_primary_key to be available.
+
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    # we can use RETURNING, find out how to invoke this
+                    # column and get the value where RETURNING is an option.
+                    # we can inline server-side functions in this case.
+
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # otherwise, find out how to invoke this column
+                    # and get its value where RETURNING is not an option.
+                    # if we have to invoke a server-side function, we need
+                    # to pre-execute it.   or if this is a straight
+                    # autoincrement column and the dialect supports it
+                    # we can use cursor.lastrowid.
+
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_no_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw
+                    )
+
+            elif c.default is not None:
+                # column has a default, but it's not a pk column, or it is but
+                # we don't need to get the pk back.
+                _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+                    compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+                )
+
+            elif c.server_default is not None:
+                # column has a DDL-level default, and is either not a pk
+                # column or we don't need the pk.
+                if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                    compiler.returning.append(c)
+                elif not c.primary_key:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+            elif (
+                c.primary_key
+                and c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+                and not c.nullable
+            ):
+                _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+
+        elif compile_state.isupdate:
+            # no parameter is present and it's an insert.
+
+            _append_param_update(
+                compiler,
+                compile_state,
+                stmt,
+                c,
+                implicit_return_defaults,
+                values,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+
+def _append_param_parameter(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    c,
+    col_key,
+    parameters,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    implicit_returning,
+    implicit_return_defaults,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    value = parameters.pop(col_key)
+
+    col_value = compiler.preparer.format_column(
+        c, use_table=compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+    )
+
+    if coercions._is_literal(value):
+        value = _create_bind_param(
+            compiler,
+            c,
+            value,
+            required=value is REQUIRED,
+            name=_col_bind_name(c)
+            if not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+            else "%s_m0" % _col_bind_name(c),
+            **kw
+        )
+    elif value._is_bind_parameter:
+        value = _handle_values_anonymous_param(
+            compiler,
+            c,
+            value,
+            name=_col_bind_name(c)
+            if not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+            else "%s_m0" % _col_bind_name(c),
+            **kw
+        )
+    else:
+        # value is a SQL expression
+        value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+
+        if compile_state.isupdate:
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            if c.primary_key:
+
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    compiler.returning.append(c)
+                elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                    compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+
+            else:
+                # postfetch specifically means, "we can SELECT the row we just
+                # inserted by primary key to get back the server generated
+                # defaults". so by definition this can't be used to get the
+                # primary key value back, because we need to have it ahead of
+                # time.
+
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+    values.append((c, col_value, value))
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    """Create a primary key expression in the INSERT statement where
+    we want to populate result.inserted_primary_key and RETURNING
+    is available.
+
+    """
+    if c.default is not None:
+        if c.default.is_sequence:
+            if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+                not c.default.optional
+                or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+            ):
+                values.append(
+                    (
+                        c,
+                        compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                        compiler.process(c.default, **kw),
+                    )
+                )
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw),
+                )
+            )
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            # client side default.  OK we can't use RETURNING, need to
+            # do a "prefetch", which in fact fetches the default value
+            # on the Python side
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                )
+            )
+    elif c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column or c.server_default is not None:
+        compiler.returning.append(c)
+    elif not c.nullable:
+        # no .default, no .server_default, not autoincrement, we have
+        # no indication this primary key column will have any value
+        _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_no_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    """Create a primary key expression in the INSERT statement where
+    we want to populate result.inserted_primary_key and we cannot use
+    RETURNING.
+
+    Depending on the kind of default here we may create a bound parameter
+    in the INSERT statement and pre-execute a default generation function,
+    or we may use cursor.lastrowid if supported by the dialect.
+
+
+    """
+
+    if (
+        # column has a Python-side default
+        c.default is not None
+        and (
+            # and it either is not a sequence, or it is and we support
+            # sequences and want to invoke it
+            not c.default.is_sequence
+            or (
+                compiler.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and (
+                    not c.default.optional
+                    or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    ) or (
+        # column is the "autoincrement column"
+        c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+        and (
+            # dialect can't use cursor.lastrowid
+            not compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+            and (
+                # column has a Sequence and we support those
+                (
+                    c.default is not None
+                    and c.default.is_sequence
+                    and compiler.dialect.supports_sequences
+                )
+                or
+                # column has no default on it, but dialect can run the
+                # "autoincrement" mechanism explicitly, e.g. PostgreSQL
+                # SERIAL we know the sequence name
+                (
+                    c.default is None
+                    and compiler.dialect.preexecute_autoincrement_sequences
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    ):
+        # do a pre-execute of the default
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+            )
+        )
+    elif (
+        c.default is None
+        and c.server_default is None
+        and not c.nullable
+        and c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+    ):
+        # no .default, no .server_default, not autoincrement, we have
+        # no indication this primary key column will have any value
+        _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+    elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+        # finally, where it seems like there will be a generated primary key
+        # value and we haven't set up any other way to fetch it, and the
+        # dialect supports cursor.lastrowid, switch on the lastrowid flag so
+        # that the DefaultExecutionContext calls upon cursor.lastrowid
+        compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+    compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+):
+    if c.default.is_sequence:
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            not c.default.optional or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ):
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    compiler.process(c.default, **kw),
+                )
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+            elif not c.primary_key:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw),
+            )
+        )
+
+        if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        elif not c.primary_key:
+            # don't add primary key column to postfetch
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+
+    if c.default.is_sequence:
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            not c.default.optional or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ):
+            values.append(
+                (c, compiler.preparer.format_column(c), c.default.next_value())
+            )
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        values.append(
+            (c, compiler.preparer.format_column(c), c.default.arg.self_group())
+        )
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+                    compiler, c, process=False, **kw
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_update(
+    compiler, compile_state, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+):
+
+    include_table = compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+    if c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+        if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(
+                        c,
+                        use_table=include_table,
+                    ),
+                    compiler.process(c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw),
+                )
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(
+                        c,
+                        use_table=include_table,
+                    ),
+                    _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                )
+            )
+    elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+        if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif (
+        implicit_return_defaults
+        and (stmt._return_defaults_columns or not stmt._return_defaults)
+        and c in implicit_return_defaults
+    ):
+        compiler.returning.append(c)
+
+
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler, c, process=True, name=None, **kw
+):
+
+    param = _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name, **kw
+    )
+    compiler.insert_prefetch.append(c)
+    return param
+
+
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler, c, process=True, name=None, **kw
+):
+    param = _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name, **kw
+    )
+    compiler.update_prefetch.append(c)
+    return param
+
+
+class _multiparam_column(elements.ColumnElement):
+    _is_multiparam_column = True
+
+    def __init__(self, original, index):
+        self.index = index
+        self.key = "%s_m%d" % (original.key, index + 1)
+        self.original = original
+        self.default = original.default
+        self.type = original.type
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, other, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, _multiparam_column)
+            and other.key == self.key
+            and other.original == self.original
+        )
+
+
+def _process_multiparam_default_bind(compiler, stmt, c, index, kw):
+    if not c.default:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "INSERT value for column %s is explicitly rendered as a bound"
+            "parameter in the VALUES clause; "
+            "a Python-side value or SQL expression is required" % c
+        )
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        return compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw)
+    elif c.default.is_sequence:
+        # these conditions would have been established
+        # by append_param_insert_(?:hasdefault|pk_returning|pk_no_returning)
+        # in order for us to be here, so these don't need to be
+        # checked
+        # assert compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+        #    not c.default.optional
+        #    or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        # )
+        return compiler.process(c.default, **kw)
+    else:
+        col = _multiparam_column(c, index)
+        if isinstance(stmt, dml.Insert):
+            return _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, col, **kw)
+        else:
+            return _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, col, **kw)
+
+
+def _get_update_multitable_params(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    stmt_parameter_tuples,
+    check_columns,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    normalized_params = dict(
+        (coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, c), param)
+        for c, param in stmt_parameter_tuples
+    )
+
+    include_table = compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+
+    affected_tables = set()
+    for t in compile_state._extra_froms:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                affected_tables.add(t)
+                check_columns[_getattr_col_key(c)] = c
+                value = normalized_params[c]
+
+                col_value = compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table)
+                if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                    value = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler,
+                        c,
+                        value,
+                        required=value is REQUIRED,
+                        name=_col_bind_name(c),
+                        **kw  # TODO: no test coverage for literal binds here
+                    )
+                elif value._is_bind_parameter:
+                    value = _handle_values_anonymous_param(
+                        compiler, c, value, name=_col_bind_name(c), **kw
+                    )
+                else:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                    value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                values.append((c, col_value, value))
+    # determine tables which are actually to be updated - process onupdate
+    # and server_onupdate for these
+    for t in affected_tables:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                continue
+            elif c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+                if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+                    values.append(
+                        (
+                            c,
+                            compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table),
+                            compiler.process(
+                                c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                else:
+                    values.append(
+                        (
+                            c,
+                            compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table),
+                            _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+                                compiler, c, name=_col_bind_name(c), **kw
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+            elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+
+def _extend_values_for_multiparams(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    values,
+    _column_as_key,
+    kw,
+):
+    values_0 = values
+    values = [values]
+
+    for i, row in enumerate(compile_state._multi_parameters[1:]):
+        extension = []
+
+        row = {_column_as_key(key): v for key, v in row.items()}
+
+        for (col, col_expr, param) in values_0:
+            if col.key in row:
+                key = col.key
+
+                if coercions._is_literal(row[key]):
+                    new_param = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler,
+                        col,
+                        row[key],
+                        name="%s_m%d" % (col.key, i + 1),
+                        **kw
+                    )
+                else:
+                    new_param = compiler.process(row[key].self_group(), **kw)
+            else:
+                new_param = _process_multiparam_default_bind(
+                    compiler, stmt, col, i, kw
+                )
+
+            extension.append((col, col_expr, new_param))
+
+        values.append(extension)
+
+    return values
+
+
+def _get_stmt_parameter_tuples_params(
+    compiler,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    stmt_parameter_tuples,
+    _column_as_key,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+
+    for k, v in stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        colkey = _column_as_key(k)
+        if colkey is not None:
+            parameters.setdefault(colkey, v)
+        else:
+            # a non-Column expression on the left side;
+            # add it to values() in an "as-is" state,
+            # coercing right side to bound param
+
+            # note one of the main use cases for this is array slice
+            # updates on PostgreSQL, as the left side is also an expression.
+
+            col_expr = compiler.process(
+                k, include_table=compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+            )
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(v):
+                v = compiler.process(
+                    elements.BindParameter(None, v, type_=k.type), **kw
+                )
+            else:
+                if v._is_bind_parameter and v.type._isnull:
+                    # either unique parameter, or other bound parameters that
+                    # were passed in directly
+                    # set type to that of the column unconditionally
+                    v = v._with_binary_element_type(k.type)
+
+                v = compiler.process(v.self_group(), **kw)
+
+            values.append((k, col_expr, v))
+
+
+def _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state):
+
+    need_pks = (
+        compile_state.isinsert
+        and not stmt._inline
+        and (
+            not compiler.for_executemany
+            or (
+                compiler.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+                and stmt._return_defaults
+            )
+        )
+        and not stmt._returning
+        and not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    )
+
+    implicit_returning = (
+        need_pks
+        and compiler.dialect.implicit_returning
+        and stmt.table.implicit_returning
+    )
+
+    if compile_state.isinsert:
+        implicit_return_defaults = implicit_returning and stmt._return_defaults
+    elif compile_state.isupdate:
+        implicit_return_defaults = (
+            compiler.dialect.implicit_returning
+            and stmt.table.implicit_returning
+            and stmt._return_defaults
+        )
+    else:
+        # this line is unused, currently we are always
+        # isinsert or isupdate
+        implicit_return_defaults = False  # pragma: no cover
+
+    if implicit_return_defaults:
+        if not stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt.table.c)
+        else:
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt._return_defaults_columns)
+
+    postfetch_lastrowid = need_pks and compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+
+    return (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+    )
+
+
+def _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c):
+    msg = (
+        "Column '%s.%s' is marked as a member of the "
+        "primary key for table '%s', "
+        "but has no Python-side or server-side default generator indicated, "
+        "nor does it indicate 'autoincrement=True' or 'nullable=True', "
+        "and no explicit value is passed.  "
+        "Primary key columns typically may not store NULL."
+        % (c.table.fullname, c.name, c.table.fullname)
+    )
+    if len(c.table.primary_key) > 1:
+        msg += (
+            " Note that as of SQLAlchemy 1.1, 'autoincrement=True' must be "
+            "indicated explicitly for composite (e.g. multicolumn) primary "
+            "keys if AUTO_INCREMENT/SERIAL/IDENTITY "
+            "behavior is expected for one of the columns in the primary key. "
+            "CREATE TABLE statements are impacted by this change as well on "
+            "most backends."
+        )
+    util.warn(msg)